Ricardo’s theory of rent Essay

The term take comes from the Latin word rendita, which means returned. Rent as an income of one of the factors of earth attracted attention since old times. Further, in the scotch possibleness the concept of economical withdraw as a part of income of any factor appeared and developed. unriv on the wholeed of the theorists that ca-caed and developed the concept of direct was David Ricardo, who is considered to be one of the fathers of the opening of rent. However, despite the old origins, the theory has been criticized a lot by both(prenominal) theorists and practitioners. David Ricardo set-back mentioned rent in his book The foundations of political economy and taxes (1817). In this book, Ricardo defines rent as a part of the add harvest-home, which is paid to the basisowner for the example of the soil. The logic of Ricardo is quite simple. Given the legality of supply and demand, cryptograph pays for the use of air and water (as well as any opposite natures gift , which is widely available). Thus, any brewer or manufacturing business of any good constantly uses air and water to produce their goods. moreover because the air and water are limitless, they are not paid for. pursuit this logic, Ricardo comes to a conclusion that rent is paid for the use of soil bonny because the kernel of inflict is not limitless and the quality of priming is not the same. With the rise of the population, the worst defeat or the take downs that are situated inconveniently are in like manner get cultivated. When the stopping point touches the lands of questionable second category, i.e. the worse, the lands of the first category simultaneously form the rent, which depends on the quality of those two slips of land. The queerness of Ricardos theory lies in the fact that he approached the rent as a concept from only one perspective. Ricardo thought of rent as a solely agricultural one. Moreover, Ricardian rent is a rent for a raw product of agriculture in general, but not the rent for the land given for the one peculiar type of a product. It is considered that the land used as a field cannot be used a pasture labor and crownwork change from one piece of land to another, but the use of soil itself remains unchangeable. Because the amount of land is limited, as it was already mentioned, and it is used in a single way, rent is contumacious by price and not vice-versa. According to Ricardo, the rent is paid because the plunder is expensive and not vice-versa. (Henderson, 1922) Practitioners notice that Ricardos theory of rent has also another shortcoming. Ricardian rent is solely the earnings for the soil itself. Thus, it excludes any payment for the interest on capital invested by landowner in the form of buildings, drain constructions etc.Moreover, Ricardos concept of rent also excludes the income from the woods development or the extraction of any mineral reextractions on the rented land. there remains the pure rent for soil, w hich is regarded as the land designed for cultivation and not touched raw material richness, which is though limited in amount and completely specialized on the production of one type of product not considering certain distinctions in placement and fertility. However, later on Ricardo developed another branch of his theory. According to Ricardo, rent has two sources. If the land is homogenous, its limit provokes the rent of rareness. In this case, rent is a contravention between the product of all applied capital and labor and the product of the final input in the form of intensive use of soil.When the land differs in quality, the limited amount of certain quality is the source of so-called differentiated rent. Ricardo thought that Europe of that time had quite substantial amount of land, which didnt give rent. However, from the perspective of his theory, nothing could have changed, if this had been true. Rent wouldnt be simply differentiated, but would have remained the rent of ra reness. The all important(p) input of Ricardos theory is the fact that he proved that the source of rent was the work of labor that cultivated the land. Thus, rent becomes a hearty phenomenon in Ricardos theory. The emergence of rent is connected with the emergence of semiprivate ownership for land. The emergence of differentiated rent Ricardo explained from the point of view of the law of mensurate. Differentiated rent in Ricardos theory doesnt abstract as the special form of added value, i.e. the exploitation of hired labor, though Ricardo characterizes rent as added product. Yet, because of the insufficient development of labor theory of value and improper and insufficient understanding of the correlation between value and the price of a product, Ricardo didnt research the supreme land rent and denied its population base on the fact that it didnt conform to the law of value. Ricardo though that because the embody of agricultural products produced under the worst conditi ons regulate the cost and the price of all the rest of the same products, those lands cannot give any rent, because rent is a struggle between the cost of production on the worst pieces of land.Otherwise, rent would be simple margin for the price of a product. Aspiring to retain this basis, Ricardo denied the foundation of absolute land rent. Another reason why Ricardo denied the existence of absolute rent was the fact that he didnt understand the division of capital on constant and variable parts. Thus, Ricardo failed to detect the difference in radical structure of capital in industry and agriculture, and consequently the excess of added value in agriculture, which is actually construct the absolute rent. In such a way, though Ricardo contributed much to the overall understanding of economic theory and the theory of rent in particular, the latter has many inherent flaws derived from the misunderstanding and switch mixture between the concept of value and the concept of price. The main reward of the theory is the definition of so-called differentiated rent, i.e. the attempt of the explanation of the economic essence of rent.The foremost fault of Ricardos theory of rent on the earliest stages is that he regarded rent as the payment solely for the use of soil, excluding reinvested capital and interest. The second foremost flaw of the theory is the denial of the existence of the absolute rent, thinking that rent can be derived only from those land that are more fertile. However, Ricardo didnt count the fact that landowners of worse land wouldnt give this land in temporary usage for free.ReferencesDebrah Y. (2002) Globalization, practice session and the Workplace Routledge, capital of the United KingdomHenderson H. (1922) Supply and demand McGraw Hills, invigorated YorkMarch, James G., and Simon, Herbert A., (1958). Organizations. New York McGraw HillMoorhead G. and Griffin Ricky W. (1995), Organizational Behavior, 4th ed., Houghton Muffin Company, Boston, MA compact G. F. Varying costs and marginal net products // Econ. J. 1928. Vol. 38. Jun. P. 258-266Winters A. (1992) International Economics Routledge, London

Fashion 1890-1900

FEMALE EVENING WEAR COSTUME IN 1890- 1900 GAY/ NAUGTY NINTEIS REASERCH SEMINAR IN THE HISTORY OF COSTUME Table of contents intro. 1 History and Events.. 1 blind and Architecture4 panache in the 1890s6 Conclusion 11 Appendix12 Bibliography22 Humanity takes itself in addition seriously. It is the solid g sets original sin. If the cave-man had kn stimulate how to laugh, History would dumb make up been different. Os political machine Wilde Introduction 1890s-1900 England was under the reign of top executive capital of Seychelles and the industrial mutation was at its prime.There was a wealthy midsection build emerging, and refreshed-fashi atomic number 53d dainty runs began developing. The 1890s was referred to by a number of names for example in America it was known as the Gay nineties as contrasted to Britain where it was known as the Naughty nineties or the Gilded meter. At this age Britain was the strongest, or so stable empire in the creation and these years w ere quiet and peaceful as in that respect was hardly apiece conflict. This scenario encouraged the speed of the industrial alt epochtion, which encouraged economic growth.The Bourgeoisie were accumulating wealth, which enab lead them to imbibe to a greater extent(prenominal) spare sentence for social and funal interests. In this musical theme I will be reviewing the events, culture and habili workforcet from the 90s, which was under Queen capital of Seychelless reign within the context of world history, art, politics, political economy and social transfer. Social, political and the industrial changes influenced the article of habiliments of the decade, and brought forth a hammy explosion in jut out of womens clothing which eventu on the whole(prenominal)y influenced the future tense fashion. Historical background of 1890-1900 The Victorian age was drawing to a close.Queen Victoria had reigned since 1837, and during that uttermost Britain had depart the most pri ncipal(prenominal) global force found on her supreme naval power. Since the death of her beloved husband Albert, Victoria had become a virtual recl example, coiffureing totally in total darkness for the rest of her demeanor. When Victoria died she left stub an industrial country with a create network. (a. 1) Conquering colonies During the Victorian period, Britains ambition was to extend its defy of areas beyond the seas, meaning(a)ly in establishing colonies and taking over areas in Africa, Asia and the outlying(prenominal) East.The British Empire took control of East Africa, intending to create unity and territorial contiguity between the colonies in Southern Africa. (a. 2) Queen Victoria install an emphasis on ethics and valuates, which reflected two on decree and Government. She had a lack of tol involvement of referencence for crime, which filtered to other countries outside of the UK due to the influence of the British Empire abroad. Britain in the 1890s was th e most powerful force in the world. Although Britain had been at war for much of the Victorian era, industry and economy had go a grand to grow, and the 90s was considerably quieter which single accentuated the growth.It was a decade of satisfaction and peace in Europe. Meanwhile over the pond, the USA was get-go to step forward in the international arena as a new powerful leader. Despite a severe economic crisis (1893- 1897), and with a new Republi dissolve President, McKinley, the US went to war against Spain concerning the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico in 1898. industrial Advancement The last decade of the 19th snow marked star of the most rapid developments of human history. This industrial mutation dramatically changed the commission of life.At the beginning of the 19th century people depended on their own sensible strength, and the use up of animal power, which helped them with transport and farming and communication. However with the development of industrial m achinery, mass production became the accepted mode. Mass production also resulted in the improvement of the quality of food people ate. Food was distributed quicker convey to improvements in transportation, and consequently arrived fresh, which in turn improved the health of the people.Thanks to both raisements in industry and medicine, general health improved, subject matter people were hold and well to achieve greater goals inducing a huge advance in economic development, social life, the arts and knowledge. Since the development of industry at that place were much jobs acquirable, and a newly formed warmheartedness class began to emerge, which bridged the quick gap between the rich and the poor. This, in turn, made the members of the higher bourgeoisie smelling uneasy slightly their position in society, and they were endlessly curious for new ways to uphold and improve their status.A major way that they achieved this was by the changes that were made in the world of fashion at these clock. (Phillippe, P. 1981. P8) People started to tint for a different life other than plowing fields and working in agriculture. They started to move to the cities to work in factories and entrepots, giving them high hopes for something amend than they had previously. Railroads, teleph one(a)s, bicycles and the beginning of the development of the car encouraged people to enjoy life and mingle and socialize, something that was previously all reserved for the higher class.They found enjoyment outside the home by going to picnics, fairs, parks and restaurants. Thanks to electricity, meaning light in the evenings, nightlife also became universal. Although life seemed b amender for most of the 90s it was far from easy. Salaries were low, hours were long and work was hard. Nevertheless, people enjoyed living beyond their basic needs and were ordain to find the time and the money to enjoy the richer things in life. As a result fashion, once only affordable to the wealthy, also became an interest to the middle classes and in turn to a greater extent affordable.Womens Rights The Victorian period had seen a rise in the number of gender equality laws being passed and the packaging of the rights of women was in the air. It would not be long before they would win the right to vote, however even without suffrage, the rights of women in the 90s were advancing. More and to a greater extent women were entering into the workforce than before. In turn, women were also becoming active in areas once primarily only the territory of men. They started to play sports, ride bikes which tummy explain how their fashion started to change so dramatically.It is during this time that the trouser, known as bloomers, a rise. Prior to this time trousers were not acceptable. M either women had adopted the well-kept suit, which was a reflection of the change of the status of cleaning adult female. (We will go get on into this point easyr in the essay. ) Tech nology and Science The Industrial novelty brought many new inventions. The change in basic fundamentals led to a tremendous amount of development and speed of work, Iron, chemicals and recently available electricity helped production enterprises grow, providing raw materials which were apply, by the brand new car and aviation industries.Communication across the nation was increased by the use of the cable and telephone, while railways expanded hugely. There was also a science revolution occurring at the same time, which complimented the advancement in industry with regards to new science including, chemicals and electricity. In improver there was a huge advancement in medicine, including the production of X-Rays by Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen (a. 3) in 1895 and the development of aspirin by the German chemist Felix Hoffmann. Art and ArcitectureThe end of the 19th century was a period of great prosperity and even complacency. In England in particular, critics and creative persons wer e unhappy about the general decline in the craftsmanship caused by the industrial revolution, and hate the truly sight of cheap and tardy machine-made imitations of ornaments. Artists dreamed to amend the arts and crafts, and they longed for a new art (E. H. GOMBRICH) based on a new feeling for design and possibilities inherent in apiece material. Art Nouveau was created. It is through art, and through art only, that we pot realize our perfection. Oscar wilde. Impressionism The Impressionist movement, which appeared in Paris in 1867, and continued till the late 19th century, was created by Edouard Manet, and other various artists. The artistic movement looked for a way to unwrap and represent temper as we see it. They decided that if they would trust their eyeball and not their set fancys of what things ought to look like according to academic rules, they would concord the most stimulating discoveries.The well-known painting, Sunrise, painted by Claude Monet was displaye d at a Paris art show, and because of the irregular texture, it caused one critic to call the substantial exhibition impressionist, which gave the movement its name. The technique that was used was quick, broken brushstrokes, light, vibrant work and bright, contrasting colour. (E. H. Gombrich p. 392) (a4) fashion was highly influenced by this movement, bright and vibrant colours and the contrasted colours were used in many different garments. Art nouveauIn the too soon 90s, a new mass artistic point of view developed in Europe. Based on mood, feeling and abstract form, it was the foremost European artistic movement since the rococo. Art nouveau was based on abstract and turn curve public figures. The movement had a very visual language, which reflected in all different areas of design for example furniture, architecture, books, illustration, painting and clothing. The artists of this movement took inspiration from nature with its flowing symmetric and organic elements. They s tudied the roots, branches and other different forms of nature.Primarily exploitation nature and harmonization of the environment, they also were inspired by Japanese design and other past inspirations agencys such as gothic, rococo and arts and craft way of life which also incorporated floral elements. We can see a lot of these elements in the fashion of the time for example, Floral embroidery, curvy lines and shapes. Aubrey Beardsley rose to immediate fame all over Europe with his sophisticated black and lily-white illustrations. In France it was the flowers of Degas and Toulouse Lautrec which applied a similar economy of federal agency to the new art of the poster.Toulouse Lautrec had learned from Japanese prints just how much to a greater extent striking a picture could become if modeling and other detail were sacrificed (E. H. Gombrich p 406) (a. 5). The success of art nouveau had taken hold of architects and designers who were commonplace of the traditional routines th ey had been taught, Architects now were experimenting with new types of materials and new types of ornaments. Art nouveau style buildings counterbalance appeared in Brussels, however construction sites were relatively down(p) and the laws of the city were bumpy with building regulations.For example construction of balconies and rooms were monitored, and architects had to work within these regulations. maven of the jump theaters designed from nouveau design was the Maison Tassel in Brussels. Its highly innovative plan and its ground breaking use of materials and decoration show the characteristics of Art Nouveau. (a. 6) new(prenominal) artists that belonged to this movement were Gustav Klemt, and Alphonse Mucha. Symbolism In the late 19th-century there was another(prenominal) movement called symbolism, which expressed mystical or abstract moods through the symbolic use of images.It mainly developed in Europe and was a reaction to impressionism (1867-1886 one of the major and most significant arts based on take in of colour, sunlight, shadows and with visible brush strokes). Based on the artistic movement romanticism, this style art was made of shapes and images. Symbolist painters believed that art should reflect an emotion or idea rather than represent the natural world. They felt that the symbolic value or meaning of a work of art stemmed from the recreation of emotional experiences in the viewer through colour, line, and composition.In painting, Symbolism represents a subtraction of form and feeling, of reality and the artists inner subjectivity. Artists from the symbolism movement are capital of Minnesota Gauguin, Gustav klimt, Edvard Munch and Gustave Moreau. (a. 7) Oscar Wilde (1854 1900) In the late 19th century Britain finally found the time to embrace literature and poetry. Oscar Wilde became the most popular play generator of his solar day writing many short stories, plays and poems that had a lot to do with society, fashion, and art at t he time. He was a major influence in society and some people even said he was born(p) before his time. (Holland, v. p9) (a. ) I am the only person in the world I should like to know thoroughly. Oscar Wilde. Costumes of 1890 1900s Introduction The fashions of the 19th century can explain a lot about the era of the time with regards to society and the situation it was in. With the introduction of new inventions such as machinery and most importantly the sewing machine, fashions were able to evolve and progress. This century shows many reforms in fashions for women some more successful than others. These clothing types did not purely change with regards to the shape of the silhouette, but also the materials and colours being used were evolving too.The clothing and designs for women took precedentity at these times over mens fashions. Although mens fashions were not involved in great change, Europe apothegm clothing for men designed to suit their passion for riding. (Brooke, I. ) Materials in the 1890s went through a change, because of the availability of new machinery it was possible to experiment and use different materials for different garments. Suits were made of either tweed or stiff cloth whereas dresses were made from silk and satin type materials. Decoration such as bows, lace, jabot and frilling became a major theme for this period of time. (Waugh, N. 1968. 231) Another benefit of the new machinery was the introduction of Haute Couture which was made by a number of fashion houses such as, Charles Fredrick Worth and Jacques Doucet. (DeMarly, D. 1980. ) (a. 9) Change in caparison The 1890s saw a major change in the silhouette of women. The hourglass shape was introduced in the late 19th century. The most dramatic feature of the change in costume in this period of time was the exaggerate waistline, which was made so niggling that it is seen as the most minute waist in history. It became so small that it gave the impression that the womans figure w as split into two part that met in the middle.The term given to the figure of this time was the Wasp stem (a. 10). The shape consisted of a ballooning sleeve(a. 11), slim waist and widened fence with the main aim to accentuate the womanly figure (Laver, J. 1929. P82). The sharp contrast in shapes was a deliberate ploy to make the waist seem littler than it actually was. Previous to the 1890s, gowns were seen as much simpler in design and instead of using the idea of a fuller skirt the emphasis was swan on the sleeves. The freehandedger sleeves came into place in the middle of the decade. This idea of convoluted sleeves led to a further change in clothing, more specifically the outerwear.Coats were of great difficulty when it came to putting them on over the exaggerated sleeves therefore capes and shawls came in place of the typical coat style (a. 12). They were made in a variety of lengths, shapes and collars (Boucher, F. ). Towards the end of the century the silhouette rever ted back to a more natural shape and the Wasp Waist gradually changed into the S Shape. Sleeves became tight with a slight puff at the shoulder. evening clothes tended to include small bouffant sleeves (Boucher, F. ), whereas daywear portrayed semi gigot sleeves (Boucher, F).The era of the 1890s was known in the United States as the era of the Gibson daughter (a. 13). The Gibson Girl was a modern portrayal of the ideal women of the time, created by the artist Charles Dana Gibson. This girl was known as the new woman of the time. This ideal woman was not purely based on her looks, but for the first time on her personality and abilities too. The Gibson Girl was seen as a symbol of thousands of American women. She was tall and petite, with a heavier bosom and fuller hips and bottom. This figure was achieved by the use of a Swan Bill Corset.This was the first time the idea of a corset was used to give a woman an S Curve figure, which was not generally seen until the 1900s. However, th is perfect figure was not all the ideal woman in America had to meet. The Gibson Girl not only portrayed beauty, but also a strong personality where upbringing was just as important as the way she looked. Having said that, although teaching method was becoming increasingly more common for the new woman, the idea of women being as equal to men when it came to decisions being made in society had not yet been accepted (Gordon, L.D. 1987. P211). bearings of the time Costumes in the nineteenth century, as in most eras inevitably changed and evolved. Garments came in and out of fashion and were constantly being evolved and adapted. Different layers of clothing increased the number of changes to the ideal womans silhouette. In addition to this, society was adapting its attire to the increase in extra and new activities. For every occasion an expected costume was faltering. For each event or occasion at the different times of the day and season there were various acceptable outfits.Wit h the explosion of bourgeoisie throughout Europe more and more women of different social classes were wanting to feel accepted into different societies by having a number of alternative costumes for each individual occasion. The creation of dresses such as, tea dresses which were worn predominantly for good afternoon teas with a group of women, were extremely common, as well as house dresses which also became a staple part of a higher class womans wardrobe. (Phillippe. P. 1981. P8) Skirts This era saw the rise of the fuller and more extravagant skirts.This rise was due to the crinolines and the bustles from the previous decade, which had gradually been reduced by the time this decade arrived. The skirt was fairly straight at the reckon whereas generally in evening wear, the back consisted of a more exaggerated train with a larger amount of material being used to make it. This shape created an almost flower shape skirt and because of the style and shape of the skirt it was custom fo r women to hold the train with one afford as they walked which revealed the underskirts frills that was made out of taffeta or lace.In the middle of the decade the sleeves widened this can be reflected to the skirt that also went through this adaptation. Due to this change it help the portrayal of a smaller waist. Compared to the last decade these skirts were less ornamental than the previous ones as well as being easier to wear in order for women to be able to partake in the newer activities of the time. This ease of skirts enabled women to catch the changes of women of the period of time. Towards the end of the decade the skirts became tighter around the thigh and narrow along the legs. (a. 4) Tailored Suits The tailored suit had been introduced to men many years prior to the 1890s however by the time the Industrial Revolution had begun more and more women had become increasingly more in need of pass over costumes for the different and newly available jobs to them. In additi on, with the introduction of new machinery for the first time ready-made shirts, blouses, skirts and tailored jackets were easily available from a shop shelf, unlike previously where every garment was tailor made. This modernized idea made it available to almost all classes of women (Renrolds, C. 989. p45) The suit was seen as a suitable and appropriate outfit for any daytime activity and any time of year. The three pieced tailored suit, which included a skirt, jacket and shirt-blouse was first introduced and worn by women in England (a. 15). The shirt-blouse influenced the bodice of the dresses. The suit was created by a very tight jacket bodice, with small basques forming a postilion at the back, and a double skirt, the upper part of which was slightly caught up. (Boucher, F. 1987. P401). The BlousePrevious to these times shirts were seen as a very masculine piece of clothing, however with the changes of the womens role in society it had become more acceptable and common for wom en to wear their own version of the male shirt, known as the blouse (a. 16). The blouse was fully feminine with unjustified decoration made from lace, high collars, sleeves and if the blouse was a more simple style it would often be worn with a male-styled necktie. It was seen as an extremely important fashion statement of the time, and was mostly made from light coloured fabric in contrast to the darker coloured skirts and jackets.Bloomers The first bloomers were introduced in 1849 by the renowned feminist Mrs. Amelia Jenks Bloomer. She created them as a solution to the problem for the unrefined issues with women riding on penny-farthings (bicycles) however the idea did not catch on. Although a year after Amelia Bloomers death in 1894 her ideas began to become increasingly more popular. (Gersheim, A. 1963. p80) Bicycling had become one of the most popular activities for women to take part in. This in turn resulted in yet another important costume for which women needed.The costum e included the newly divided skirt or knickerbockers (baggy trousers), which came down to just over the heel. This enabled the women to have more freedom in partaking of their new sport (a. 17) (a. 18). The undergarments Although clothing was becoming more masculine, undergarments were becoming increasing more popular for women. Undergarments were starting to resemble more of todays underclothing with the introduction of new materials such as lace, taffeta, silk and lavish colourful ribbons. Even though these undergarments were invisible they were seen as a luxury to women, and they were considered particularly erotic.The corset as in previous decades was an important factor of womens costume, however it was now worn over the petticoat and was made into a more shortened form with tighter lacing. The corset was mug up and aimed to create the desired Wasp Waist(a. 19). The petticoat also took an evolutionary change in these times, as they were made from coloured silk and pleated or shortened with lace. In 1891, the standard petticoat was made with drawing strings behind and trimmed with one or two frills of scalloped embroidery (a. 20). boxers were a type of under trouser that was as wide as the petticoat (a. 1). They were made with frills and were and often in different colours. In addition an alternative style was produced in the style of an overall. However it was only worn occasionally depending on the over-garments being worn. (Cunnington, C. W. 1992. p196) Accessories A huge emphasis of this era was accessories, more specifically, the hat which was known for its excessive decoration. Fur, velvet, ribbons and flowers were just a a few(prenominal) of the different decorations that could be seen on hats at this time. It was a sign of the new independent woman of the time.Hats came in all shapes and sizes, and as with clothing there were different styles for different occasions (a. 22). Gloves were also vital accessory at this time too. It was especially s een as proper etiquette to wear long gloves to the elbow joint in the evenings (a. 23) as well as a fur bollocks (a. 24), whereas during the day more casual gloves were worn made of materials such as leather. Other accessories seen at these times were fur or feather scarves as well as sun umbrellas made from lace. Handbags were also seen at these times however they were not used for the same purposes as we use them today.They were extremely small and either knitted or embroidered. Shoes were often seen in a number of styles 9(a. 25). Leather ankle boots, with a small round heel, were worn during the day and were accessorized with buttons, laces or elastic Evening shoes were in the form of ballerina pumps, and were embroidered or with ribbons around the ankle. Eveningwear A big part of costumes in the 19th century was the eveningwear. Eveningwear was extravagant from the dress to the accessories. The dresses consisted of a lower bodice than the daytime wear, They were cut in a squ arely V shape, rounded V or a round shape neck(a. 6). Dresses also could be seen with shoulder straps, and over exaggerated sleeves could be seen during the middle of this decade. However towards the end of the decade sleeves became tighter fitting. Trains were not so common in ball gown dresses however, but for other evening dress styles they were unremarkably seen(a. 27). evening gowns were genaraly made from velvet, muslin, satin. They were also embroidered. (a28) Accessories that could be seen in the evenings were jewels, diamonds, tiaras, hair ornaments, broaches, necklaces and fans (a. 29. 30). This added o the effect of luxury to any outfit. Hairstyles in the evening were usually pinned up into a bun shape waves and curs were also common. (Waugh, N. 1968. P229) Conclusion This era can be seen as a major influence to the history of clothing and accessories. The changes of this decade can be seen to be an influence not only on these times but also todays fashions too (a. 31,32 ). Pieces of clothing such as puff sleeves and high waited skirts have late crept back into our wardrobes along with muffs and smaller evening bags, which have become one of the 21st centurys staple items for women.The influence of the industrial revolution brought about many changes to styles and materials. It aided the creation of off the shelf clothing and was a symbol for diversity between different classes of people. For the first time the middle class society were able to keep up to date with the latest trends not just in the evening but also whilst they worked. Fashion is a form of ugliness so intolerable that we have to alter it every six months. Oscar Wilde Appendix 1. Queen Victoria, c. 1890. 2. Map of British Empire in 1890. 3. Mrs.Rontgens hand, the first X-ray picture of the human personify ever taken. photos courtesy of NASA 4. claude monet Impression, soleil levant 1872 5. Alphonse Mucha-F. Champenois Imprimeur-Editeur, lithograph, 1897. 6. Stairway of Tassel House , Brussels 7. Edvard Munch The call 1893 8. Napoleon Sarony Oscar Wilde 1882 9. Jaque Doucete, womans suit costume, 1894 10. Standart Desugner 1897 April. 11. Mora-83 Rundle street Adelaide at Port Adelaide 1895 12. Delineator, November 1897 13. circa, Gibson Girl, 1900 14. Delineator, afternoon Dress, October 1896 15.Charlles Frederick Worth, walking suit, 1895 16 Illistration of the Gibson Girl wearing The Blouse 17. harpers fair, April 1894 18. T. de Thulatrup, juvenile York 1890s 19. 20. Matropoline museum, New York 1890s 21. Harpers Bazar, November 1892 22. Standart Designer, April 1898 23 Delineator, 1898 24. Harpers Bazar November 1893 25. Metropoline Museum New York 1989 26. harpers Bezar Febuary 1894 27. Harpers Bazar, 1894 28. Mertopolin Museum, Fabrics from the 1890s 29. Harpers Bazar January1897 30. tail Singer Sargent, Ada Rehan, 1894 31. Dolce & Gabbana w/f , 09 32. Alexander McQueen, s/s 2007Bibliography Brook, Iris. English Costume of the ordinal Century, capit al of the United Kingdom 1929 Renolds, Caroline. New York Fashion. The Evolution of American Style. Milbank NY 1039 Hansen, Henry Harold. Costume Cavalcade. London 1954 Boucher, Francois. 20,000 Years of Fashion. The History of Costume and Personal Adornment. 1987 NY Blum, Stella. Paris Fashion of the 1890s. NY 1989 Perrot, Phillippe. Fashion of the Bourgeoisie. Preston University Press 1981 James Laver. English Costume of the Nineteenth Century (1929). A & C Black Ltd. Gersheim, Alison. Victorian and Edwardian Fashion. 1963 NY Liltek C.Cunnington Phyllis. The History of Underclothes. New York, capital of Delaware Publication Inc. 1992 Buck, Anne. Victorian Costume and Costume Accessories. Quite Specific Media host 1997 Waugh, Norah. The Cut of Womens Clothes. 1600-1930 (1968) University of Michigan DeMarly, Diana. The History of Haute Couture 1850-1950. London Bastford Ltd. 1980 Gordon, D. Lyne. The Gibson Girl Goes to College. University of Rochester, John Hopkins Univer sity Press Vol. 39, No2, 1987 E. H. Gombrich. The Story of Art. The Phaldon Press, London 1980 Vyvyan Holland. The Complete Works of Oscar Wilde. London and Glasgow 1984

News Updates on “Tree man” Essay

On January 19, Shurmer (2010), a writer for the Comment watchword show website wrote an hold updating the site readers on the ongoing struggles of Richard Pennicuik, better cognize as tree public. Since early December of the prior year, shoetree reality had been living in a gum head near his provide in Hume Road, in the City of Gosnells, as a form of reject and to save the tree from the city council plans to clear the street of any and all(a) mature trees that may cause harm by dropping liberal limbs.As of the writing of the expression, he had been in the tree for 43 old age and was experiencing bodily difficulties on top of his legal issues as there was a severe heatwave and the high temperatures were causing him discomfort. Entitled shoetree man loses swear, the clause chronicled Tree mans fading optimism caused by heat-induced headaches the council fining him $5000, as it deemed the platforms that served as his makeshift treehouse were illegal, and forcing him to remove these structures and the abandonment of an adjacent gum tree by a rotating team who had occupied it for the same cause.A couple of months later(prenominal) on March 13th, a supply Writer (2010) for Perthnow a topical anaesthetic subsidiary of The Sunday Times, wrote a comparatively more recent update piece on the Tree man. Asking Tree man Richard Pennicuik for city manager? the report comes on the heels of a stand-off the preceding(prenominal) day wherein he electrostatic refused to come down from the tree even after policemen and tree-cutting machinery had arrived. Appargonntly, despite the previous report on his morale and health problems, he had stayed on the tree for a nonher 53 days.The title of the article comes from a comment Tree man had made, saying he had intentions of running for city mayor as the current council he was battling was loaded and unworkable. An analytical comparison of these two Tree man news article updates will be discussed. The scratch, most noticeable, distinction between the two news articles is their marked difference in length, with the first article much longer than the second. Although quantity does not necessarily touch on substance, it can be observed that the Comment News article contains relatively more actual facts about the situation than the PerthNow article.In addition, on a related note, it can also be noticed that the former article has more content related to the actual subject, as denoted by the article title, than the latter. As an example to support both of these observations, although Comment News does not include a quote wherein Tree man explicitly verbalize that he was losing hope, it does book of facts why this would be the case by including a quote where he said he didnt cope salubrious with the heatwave headaches and how the $5000 fine would ruin his family. The PerthNow article, on the other hand, only justifies the title mentioning Tree mans mayoral aspirations with the quote The cu rrent regime is laughable and unworkable and I want to get in there, if I fork over enough supporters, to run the council the way it should be run. The rest of the article, however, does not mention the issue again and only contains a brief summary of the previous days stand-off and another quote from Tree man where he reasserts his stance.The Comment News article does seem to slightly force the losing hope theme though, by briefly mentioning that the street was desolate due to the abandonment of the adjacent gum tree, although Tree man is not mentioned as having an horizon on this. However, this observation still contributes to the discussion of the main subject. Coherence to a specific topic is somewhat of a requirement for any dinner dress article, especially one that is professionally written.The briefness and lack of coherence in the case of the latter article can, however, can be attributed to the writer expecting the reades to already know the details as the situation was already months-long, and there was a climactic update the day before. Both articles do, however, paint Tree man as both a dedicated activist from his acts of defiance, and also a novelty character as the tones of his quotes in the first article are slightly rattled and dramatic and in the second, noticeably vague.He was also set forth as remaining defiantly aloft despite legal and physical danger, and his lawyers protests.References hurmer, J. (2010, January 19). Tree man loses hope. Comment News. Retrieved from http//southern. inmycommunity. com. au/news-and-views/local-news/Tree-man-loses-hope/7546357/ Staff Writer. (2010, March 13) Tree man Richard Pennicuik for mayor? PerthNow. com. The Sunday Times. Retrieved from http//www. perthnow. com. au/news/tree-man-richard-pennicuik-for-mayor/story-e6frg12c-1225840398316

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 40

Mad NipperWhen I wake, the rain has stopped, exclusively I am shivering. I impersonate up, and my whole body hurts. My overcoat is g ace. My leather loafers ar gone. All the money I had in my pocket is gone. My leather kick is gone. The new watch my catch gave me for Christmas is gone. I touch my fingers to my type, and they reach red. feel around, I attend to that I am on a pop out street full of parked cars. Row houses on either side. most are boarded up, many of the porches and steps attached to the bms are in motive of repair, and the streetlights above are non on maybe smashed by rocks making the whole world look dark. I am non in a good neighborhood, with no money, shoes, or any radical where I am. Part of me wants to lie on the side head forever, only when Im shitless those bad battalion might come back to finish me off, and before longer I can very think about any thing, Im on my feet, gameness tweak the hold on.My the right management thigh mu scle feels locked in mall, and I can non winding my right knee very well.One house on the block is decorated for Christmas. On the porch is a manger scene with a tensile Mary and Joseph both obscure. I limp toward ball up Jesus, thinking that large number celebrating the holiday are more in all resemblinglihood to help me than people without Christmas decorations, because in the Bible Jesus says we should help shoeless people who have been mugged.When I finally get to the decorated row house, a funny thing happens. Instead of knocking on the door, I limp over to the cutting Mary and Joseph because I want to look into the manger and see if Baby Jesus is morose too. My cramped leg screams with pain and gives out fairish as I reach the Nativity scene. On my hands and one knee, between His parents, I see that Baby Jesus is really black and plugged in his dark face glows like amber, and a rain buckets of white light blasts up through His little baby chest.Squinting, picki ngs in the light of Baby Jesus, I instantly realize that I was mugged because I cursed idol, so I pray and say Im mordant and I control what God is spoting me that I need to wager on my character nearly more before I bequeath be allowed to find apart clocks end.My pulse is pounding so unwaveringly in my ears that I do not even hear the front door open, nor do I hear a man walk out onto the porch.What you doin to Aunt Jasmines Nativity scene? the man says.And when I turn my head, God lets me know He has accepted my apology.When they first brought Danny to the bad place, he wouldnt talk. Like me and everyone else, he had a scar, but his was much larger and on the back of his head, making a bright pink line in his Afro. For a month or so, he just differentiate of sit muckle in a chair by the window of his way as speech therapists visited and left frustrated. Me and the boys would stop in and say hello, but Danny simply looked out the window when we talked to him, so we th ought he was one of the people whose brain trauma was so bad he was most likely expiration to be a vegetable for the rest of his life sort of like my roommate, Jackie. But after a month or so, Danny offseted taking his meals in the cafeteria with the rest of us, attending music and group therapy sessions, and even going on a some group excursions to the shops by the harbor and the Orioles games down at Camden Yards. It was obvious that he understood words and even was sanely normal he just wouldnt talk.I dont re part how long it took, but after a time, Danny started talking again, and I happened to be the first soul he spoke to.A girl from some fancy college in Baltimore came in to provide what we were told were non-traditional treatments. We had to volunteer for the sessions, as this girl was not a real therapist yet. We were skeptical at first, but when she came to promote the program, we were in brief persuaded by her girlish figure and cute, innocent-looking face. She w as very nice and quite attractive, so we all did whatever she verbalize, hoping to keep her around especially since there were no women patients in the bad place and the nurses were extremely ugly.For the first week, our college student had us look into mirrors a lot as she encouraged us to really get to know ourselves, which was pretty out-there. Shed say things like, Study your nose. Look at it until you really know it. Watch how it moves when you breathe in deeply. Appreciate the miracle of respiration. presently look at your tongue. Not just the top, but underneath. Study it. theorise the miracles of taste and speech.But past one day she paired us randomly, had us sit facing each other, and told us to stare into our partners look. She had us do this for a long time, and it was quite weird because the room was alin concert silent, and men do not usually look into each others eyes for long closes of time. Then she started promulgateing us to imagine that our partner was psyche we missyed, or someone we had hurt in the past, or a family member we hadnt seen for many years. She told us to see this person through our partners eyes, until that person was in front of us.Looking into another persons eyes for an extended period of time proved to be a powerful thing. And if you dont believe me, try it yourself.Of lam I began to see Nikki, which was strange because I was staring into Dannys eyes, and Danny is a six-foot-three black man who looks nothing like my ex-wife. Even still, as my pupils remained locked on Dannys, it was as if I were looking directly into Nikkis eyes. I was the first one to start crying, but others followed. Our college girl came over, said I was brave, and then hugged me, which was nice. Danny said nothing.That iniquity I woke up to the sound of Jackies grunting. When I opened my eyes, it took a few seconds for my pupils to adjust, but when they did, I byword Danny standing over me.Danny? I said.My names not Danny.His voice sca red me because I was not expecting him to speak, especially since he had not spoken to anyone since he followd.The names Mad Nipper.What do you want? I asked him. wherefore are you in our room?I solely wanted to tell you my street name, so we could be boys. But were not on the streets right now, so you can keep calling me Danny.And then Danny walked out of my room and Jackie quit grunting.Everyone in the bad place was pretty shocked when Danny began address regularly the next day. The doctors said he was experiencing a breakthrough, but it wasnt like that. Danny just decided to talk. We really did become boys and did just about everything together in the bad place, including our exercise routine. And little by little I found out Dannys story.As Mad Nipper he was a rising gansta rapper from labor union Philadelphia who had signed on with a wasted demo label in NYC called Tougher Trade. He was playing a auberge in Baltimore when some beef broke loose, and somehow Danny often c hanged the flesh out of his story, so I cant say what happened for certain he was struck in the back of the head with a tire iron, disgustn to the harbor, and thrown in. near of the time Danny claimed that a Baltimore rap group one that was scheduled to serve before Mad Nipper asked him to smoke up in an bowling alley behind the club, but when he went outside with these other rappers, they started giving him some shit about headlining in their neighborhood. When he brought up his superior record sales, the lights went out, and he woke up exanimate, which is actually true, as his file says he was dead for a few minutes before the EMTs managed to revive him.Lucky for Danny, person heard the splash Mad Nipper made when he entered the harbor, and this person fished him out and yelled for help right after the other rappers left. Danny claims that the flavor in the water kept his brain alive, but I dont understand how that could be, especially since he was thrown into the filthy h arbor and not the ocean. later an operation that removed tiny parts of his skull from his brain, and a lengthy adhere at the hospital, Danny was brought to the bad place. The worst part was that he lost his mogul to rap he just couldnt drag his mouth rap anymore, at least not as fast as he apply to so he took a vow of silence, which he broke only after looking into my eyes for a very long period of time.Once, I asked Danny who he saw when he looked into my eyes, and he told me he saw his aunt Jasmine. When I asked him why he saw his aunt Jasmine, he told me she was the woman who had raised him up until he became a man.Danny? I say, kneeling before the manger.Who are you?Its Pat Peoples.White Pat from Baltimore?Yeah.How?I dont know.Youre bloody. What happened?God punished me, but then He led me here. What you do to make God angry?I cursed Him, but I said I was sorry.If you really Pat People, whats my name?Mad Nipper, a.k.a. Danny.You eat Christmas dinner yet?No.You like ham?Y es.You wanna eat with me and Aunt Jasmine?Okay.Danny helps me stand, and when I limp into Aunt Jasmines home, it smells of pine needles and baked ham and pineapple sauce. A small Christmas tree is decorated with popcorn strings and colorful split second lights, two green-and-red stockings are hung on a fake fireplace mantel, and on the television the Eagles are playing the Cowboys.Sit down, Danny says. Make yourself at home.I dont want to get blood on your couch.Its got a plastic cover, see?I look, and the couch is really covered with plastic, so I sit down and see that the Eagles are winning, which surprises me, since Dallas was favored.Ive missed you, Danny says after he sits down next to me. You didnt even say goddamn goodbye when you left.Mom came and got me when you were in music relaxation class. When did you get out of the bad place? bonnie yesterday. Out on good behavior.I look at my friends face and see that he is serious. So you get out of the bad place yesterday, and I j ust happen to run to your neighborhood and get mugged on your street and find you here?Guess so, Danny says.It sort of seems like a miracle, doesnt it?Miracles happen on Christmas, Pat. Everybody knows that shit.But before we can say more, a petite, serious-looking woman who is wearing huge black-rimmed glasses walks into the living room and starts screaming, Oh, my master Oh, Jesus I try to convince Aunt Jasmine Im okay, but she calls 911, and then I am in an ambulance being driven to Germantown Hospital.When I arrive at the emergency room, Aunt Jasmine prays for me and yells at a lot of people until I am taken to a private room, where my clothes are removed and my wounds are cleaned.I am given an IV fleck I tell a police officer what happened.After X-rays, the doctors tell me that my leg is really messed up my generate, Caitlin, and Jake arrive, and then my leg is put in a white cast that starts at my heel and ends just to a lower place my hip.I want to apologize to Danny an d Aunt Jasmine for ruining their Christmas dinner, but my mother tells me that they left soon after she arrived, which makes me really sad for some reason.When I am finally released from the hospital, a nurse puts a purple make love over my bare toes and gives me a pair of crutches, but Jake pushes me in a wheelchair to his BMW. I have to sit sideways in the backseat, with my feet on Moms lap, because of the cast.We drive through north-central Philadelphia in silence, but when we pull out onto the Schuylkill Expressway, Caitlin says, Well, at least well never forget this Christmas. She means it as a joke, but nobody laughs.Why isnt anyone asking me how I ended up in North Philadelphia? I ask.After a long pause, my mother says, Tiffany called us from a pay phone and told us everything. We were driving around North Philadelphia looking for you when the hospital called your catch. He called Jakes cell phone, and here we are.So I ruined everyones Christmas?That crazy bitch ruined our Christmas.Jake, Mom says. Please.Did the Eagles win? I ask Jake, because I remember that they were winning and am hoping my puzzle entrust be in a decent mood when I get home.Yeah, Jake says in a clipped way that lets me know he is unkept with me.The Eagles beat T.O. and Dallas in Dallas on Christmas Day, locking up a play-off spot, and Jake, who has not missed a game since he was in elementary school, misses possibly the best game of the season because he was searching all of North Philadelphia for his mentally deranged brother. And now I realize why my father is not with the search team there was no way hed miss such an important Eagles game, especially against Dallas. I cant help feeling guilty, as it probably would have been a really nice Christmas, especially since my father would have been in a phenomenal mood, and I am sure as shooting my mother prepared food, and Caitlin is even wearing an Eagles jersey, and I keep messing up everyones lives, and maybe it would have been better if the muggers had killed me, and I start to cry, but quietly, so that my mom wont be upset.Im sorry I made you miss the game, Jake, I manage to say, but the words make me cry even harder, and soon I am sobbing into my hands again, like a baby.My mother pats my unbroken leg, but no one says anything.We ride the rest of the way home in silence.

Physical Condition Of Nepal Essay

Nepal is an indep stopping pointent democratic nation. The country is bordering surrounded by two big countries want China and India. It is developing country where the socio- frugal status of the pile is very little. The frugal maturement of the country has not improved substantially. According to the CBS, cc1. The total commonwealth is Nepal 23151423 where (11-587502) 50.06 portion are female and (11563921) 49.94 percent are male. It. bastardlys that women constitutes more than than half of the population in Nepal.GEOGRAPHICAL MAP OF NEPALIn the subject celestial sphere organic evolution, women repair vital role, male dominated country females are considered low standard and of less value. Literacy rate differs vastly. 42.5 percent women are literate and where 65.1 percent men are literate. According to the CBS report, 2001.But in young old age plurality sop up started realizing the importance of women role and friendship in the deliverance as well as tender a nd increaseal activities. So without women bring outicipation development goals house not be fully attained. Therefore we can say that men and F women are two pillars of the development.In recent world scenario, women be in possession of been actively participating in the political and social aspect. The voice of equality for men and women was raised first in the westerly countries, after the analytical revolution the women of these countries demanded equal matures for them.NATIONAL FLAG OF NEPALNepal is a multi language, multi destination, multi religion, and multi parti specklement country. There are some(prenominal) language and numerous culture but they believe in of all timey language and culture from each one other. Tourism is about the movement of people. Tourists are the outside who travel external from their usual environment. They are from assorted countries, culture, tradition andinterest. Therefore, every tourist brings his pick out culture with him/her and there is a meeting of to a greater extent than two cultures in tourism. Since, tourism is the hospitality or service industry, we are expected to convey as per li big stage businessman, interest and style of the tourists.NEPALESE CULTURECulture is tourisms main perpetrateion. Without culture, every wander would be seen ironically the same. Without different culture heritage, the places around the world would have little to offer that could attract the purpose of tourism.The cultures of different countries can vary greatly to attract people from a particular country, which is important to know ethnic differences.The choices of interest of headstrong by the age, sex, culture and interior(a)ity such as children are interested to play and enjoy, young generations like to be informal and experience part in adventure activities where older generations are more disciplined, formal and enjoy cultural tours.An isolated, agrarian society until the mid-20th century, Nepal entered the modern era in 1951 without schools, hospitals, roads, telecommunications, electric power, industry, or civil service. The country has, however, made progress toward sustainable economic growth since the 1950s and is committed to a program of economic liberalization. Nepal has used a series of five-year plans in an attempt to make progress in economic development. It completed its ninth economic development plan in 2002 its coin has been made convertible, and 17 state enterprises have been privatized. Foreign aid accounts for more than half of the development bud number. Government priorities over the years have been the development of transportation and communication facilities, agriculture, and industry. Since 1975, improved giving medication administration and rural development efforts have been emphasized. Agriculture remains Nepals principal economic activity, employing 80% of the population and providing 37% of gross house servant product.Only about 20% of the total area is cultivable another 33% is forested most of the rest is mountainous. sieveand wheat are the main forage crops. The lowland Terai division produces an awkward surplus, part of which supplies the food-deficient hill areas. Economic development in social go and infrastructure has not made dramatic progress due to gross domestic product dependency on India. A countrywide primary education system is under development, and Tribhuvan University has several campuses. Please see Education in Nepal for unless details. Although eradication efforts continue, malaria had been controlled in the fertile but previously uninhabitable Terai section in the south. Kathmandu is linked to India and nearby hill surface areas by road and an expanding highway network.The capital was almost out of fuel and transport of supplies caused by a crippling general strike in southern Nepal on February 17, 2008.2 Major towns are connected to the capital by telephone and domestic air services. The export-or iented carpet and garment industries have grown rapidly in recent years and together now account for approximately 70% of merchandise exports. Nepal was ranked 54th worst of 81 ranked countries (those with GHI 5.0) on the ball-shaped Hunger Index in 2011, between Cambodia and Togo. Nepals current polish off of 19.9 is better than in 2010 (20.0) and much improved than its score of 27.5 in 1990.3 capital1 Nepalese Rupee (NPR) = 100 paisaFiscal year16 July 15 JulyTrade organizationsWTOStatisticsGDP$35.81 meg (2010 est.)GDP growth4.6% (2010 est.)GDP per capita$1,200 (2010 est.)GDP by sectoragriculture (40%), industry (20%), services (40%) (2002 est.) pretentiousness (CPI)8.6% (September 2010 est.), 10.6% (October 2011 est. source myrepublica.com) Populationbelow poverty line24.7% (2008 est.)Main industriesTourism, garment, food and beverages, metal manufactures, herbs. Ease of Doing Business Rank107th1ExternalExports$849 million (2009) f.o.b. ancestry does not include unrecorde d border trade with India (2008) Export goodscarpets, clothing, whip goods, jute goods, grain, herbs, tea Main export partnersEuropean Union 42.5%, United States 8%, Bangladesh 6.04%, Germany 5% (2009) Imports$5.26 billion f.o.b. (2008)Import goodsPetroleum Products, Gold, MachineryMain import partnersIndia 57%, China 13% (2009)Public financesRevenues$3 billion (FY 2010)Expenses$4.6 billion (FY 2010)The Nepali government has decided to bring timely changes to the countrys coat of arm and bring it into force on Dec. 30, the National parole Agency RSS account on Mon mean solar day. According to the RSS, the new coat of arms is based on the peoples supremacy, the distinguished identity of the nation, home(a) unity and self-pride. It was developed jointly by artists Nabindra Man Rajbhandari, Himayala Gautam and Krishna Shrestha. Approved by the meeting of the Council of Ministers held on Dec. 14, the coat of arms is made up of the national flag, the symbol of nationality the worlds highest peak, Mt. Qomolangma green hills symbolizing the hilly domain woman and man joining hands with one another to mean gender equality yellowcolor symbolizing the fertile terai region a garland of national flower laligurans or rhododendron paddy ears on the top and a red ribbon with the letters in dust coat reading mother and motherland are greater than heaven in the bottom. Nepal is a secular state under the lag Constitution, which was promulgated on January 15, 2007.The meantime Constitution provides for freedom to practice ones religion. The Interim Constitution as well as specifically denies the right to convert another person. The now-defunct establishment of 1990, which was in effect until January 15, 2007, described the country as a Hindi Kingdom, although it did not establish Hinduism as the state religion. The Government generally did not interfere with the practice of other religious groups, and religious tolerance was in general observed however, there were s ome restrictions. The Government took positive preliminary stairs with respect to religious freedom during the period covered by this report, and government policy contributed to the generally free practice of religion. The Interim Parliament, through the Interim Constitution, officially declared the country a secular state in January 2007 however, no laws specifically affecting freedom of religion were changed. Nonetheless, many believed that the announcement made it easier to practice their religion freely. However, members of minority religious groups occasionally reported police harassment. Authorities limited the location of and otherwise restricted many public celebrations by the Tibetan community, especially those with political overtones. Adherents of the countrys many religious groups generally coexisted peacefully and respected places of worship, although there were reports of societal abuses and discrimination based on religious belief or practice.Those who born-again t o another religious group at times faced emphasis and occasionally were ostracized socially but generally did not fear to admit their affiliations in public. Nepal is moving forward to become the newest republic of the world. After more than 200-years-long Monarchy, Nepal is finally be coming the country ruled by the general people instead of the kings and queens. Nepal has always faced political turmoil. This beautiful country, located in Himalayas in Asia, has very unstable political condition. The recent changes that have move Kathmandu with powerful voices, the commitment of leaders toward democracy and public right gives a hope that Nepal is finally moving toward democracy after the 200 years of bureaucracy and political turmoil.The April revolution of 2006 changed the face of Nepal. It was able to end the decade-long guerilla warfare of Maoist and was successful to bring them into peace into this war-worn country. The Maoist was regarded as one of the big parties and was al so offered good equalizer of pose on the parliament.The parliament which was formed after the revolution deducted much of the power of the king and took away his authority and power over the multitude and the administration. An interim administration said he must pay taxes, primed(p) the army under civilian control and removed his image from the 500-rupee note, surrogate it with Mount Everest. The main purpose of the Maoist insurgents was to overthrow the Monarchy system from Nepal which has been deep rooted in Nepalese society both culturally and politically making the political view of Mao Tse-tung, the communistic leader of china, the communist party, Maoist, came to main political frame and the parliament after the revolution of 2006. On the Constituent multitude elections conducted on April 10th, Maoist emerged as the biggest party of Nepal securing 220 seats of parliament while the biggest parties of Nepal, Nepali Congress only won cx seats which shocked the entire na tion as well as the whole world. With overwhelming support and cheers, the first sitting of the constituent Assembly collectively declared the country a res publica late on Wednesday night making Nepal the Worlds newest republic and making the king a general, ordinary citizen.In the context of implementing a Republic in the country, the CA meeting directs the then king residing at the Narayanhiti palace and the reclusive secretariat structure ordering him to leave within 15 days. A new Government entrust soon be formed and Nepal will be having its first president ever and as Maoist have won the election it is for sure that the first president of Nepal will be a Communist leader who is supposed to be the chairman of Maoist party of Nepal known as Prachanda. Nepal will have to face many hurdles even though Nepal has revived itself as a Republic country but people still have fear in their hearts about the condtion that will grow when Maoist will have their government and they fear h ow things are going to be on the coming days. But for the moment, much of Nepal enjoys and cheers for becoming the worlds new-born Republic country.Pokhara is a remarkable place for inborn beauty at an altitude of 827 m above mean sea level & 200 km west of Kathmandu. This city is ever knownas a real paradise in Earth. The vale is filled with swift flowing river and dotted with clear gleaming lakes. It is fortunate with the back drop is the most dramatic sceneries in world. A 140km of birds-eye Himalayan ranges seem close decorous to be touched. But also can be felt. The magnificence of the Himalayas rising behind the lake create an atmospheric state of peace & magic, popular for water rafting, Kayaking and trekking expeditions following the unification of Nepal in 1769. It took a shape of permanent bazaar (small town). refreshedar migrants from Kathmandu Valley established business and introduced new architecture design of the city. It grew as a catering place to caravan trade rs with limited infrastructure facilities located at the break of passel point along the trans-Himalayan trade routes. Pokhara is a very beautiful natural place. It is rich in natural beauty, it is lies in western develop region of Nepal. Pokhara is a very famous city in Nepal. Many noncitizen visit Pokhara to see it natural beauty. Pokhara is develop city. There we can get all facilityThe highest peak of the world Mount Everest is situated in Solukhunmbu District of Sagarmatha Zone. It is known by the name Sagarmatha in Nepal. It is located 27 59 North latitude, 86 55 East longitudes. The official natural elevation of this peak is 8848 meters. The temperature lies below 0c at the summit. Mount Everest was named after Sir George Everest who discovered this peak for the first time. It is very difficult to cost increase up this mountain because oxygen contained in air becomes lesser as the apex increases then it will be difficult to breathe so the climbers take oxygen along with them. Carrying oxygen only also is not enough to climb this peak. You need the special practice that is Acclimatization. In this process a person goes to certain height and come down again so his/her body get used to the reduced oxygen content of the air. It is required for the safety climbing. Climbers acclimatize by ascending slowly resting one day for every 1,000 feet they climb in one day.On May 29, 1953, Tenzing Norgay Sherpa of Nepal & Edmund Percival Hillary of New Zealand climbed to the summit of Everest for the first time while the first woman to climb it is Junko Tabei of Japan. She succeeded her trip on 16 May, 1975. Chitwan District is one of the seventy-five Districts og Nepal, a landlocked country of South Asia. The district is in the western part of Narayani Zone with Bharatpur, the seventhlargest city of Nepal, as its district headquarters. It covers an area of 2,218 km and in 2001 had a population of 472,048 people. Bharatpur is a commercial and service inwardnes s of central south Nepal and merger destination for higher education, health contend and transportation of the region. The district takes its name from the Chitwan Valley, one of Nepals Inner Terai valleys between the Mahabharat and Siwalik ranges, both considered foothills of the Himalayas. Narayanghat, on the bank of Narayani River, is the main town with numerous shop zones where people come from all over the district and neighbouring districts.

Adriaen van de Venne’s “Moralizing Scene with an Old Woman and a Man”

Adriaen caravan de Venne is perhaps bingle of the much popular Dutch painters from the Baroque era. Although he was not officially trained as an wileist, a number of Dutch artists have influenced Adriaen van de Vennes style. Jan and Peter Brueghel are two of the artists whose styles have influenced van de Venne preferably greatly, both employing their scene style and the over-all theme of their chosen subjects.His experiences as a book illustrator, painter and drafts populace, and the time he spent learning art with local artists enabled Adriaen van de Venne to come up with his own signature style, of which the grisaille technique appears most commonly.His painting, Moralizing Scene with an sexagenarian Wo creation and a homophile was painted by Adriaen van de Venne in 1631. The oil on opus painting measures 6 9/16 inches by 4 inches and is rather characteristic of the artists later style, specifically the grisaille technique.The grisaille technique earlier makes consu mption of different shades of gray for a monochrome, more melodramatic effect. Perhaps the most striking characteristic of the painting is the use of pestilent tones of the only one color to depict the entire scene.An out of date fair sex carrying a cat is seen smoking an sometime(a)er servicemans pipe, which he carries close enough for the char to take a puff. Another superannuated man who is partly hidden behind the old cleaning lady is seen tapping her shoulder, man a boy patting a dog is seen behind the old man with the pipe.Another significant element in the painting is the use of light. The old man with the pipe carries a lamp on his other hand which lights his face instead clearly, as well as his hands and likewise the old womanhoods face. The light that the lamp gives off makes it possible to see the finer dilate of the painting such as the old mans succinct beard the old womans wrinkled face and also their soiled hands.The crescent moon on the upper left coig ne of the painting also makes wise use of light in the painting itself, adding more flair and making the otherwise dull night more dramatic. Art enthusiasts believe that Adriaen van de Vennes Moralizing Scene with an Old Woman and a Man is one of his works which makes the best use of light to highlight the features of the subjects on his painting.True to Adriaen van de Vennes certain feature of painting scenes that depict normal people in their daily modus operandi in a satirical, often symbolic light to warn against a number of unpleasant behavior. The particular painting might be apocalyptical of this particular characteristic however, one cannot derive an absolute notion as to what the painting specifically depicts.Only inferences may be derived from the said painting as to which viciousness it may warn people against, owing to the seemingly destitute act of the old woman smoking an old mans pipe. Perhaps it talks about the immoral behavior that both the old man and woman e xhibit especially during the period it was painted.The old woman smoking the pipe may suggest her unfounded extravagance, while the old man offering his pipe may suggest his unclear intentions for the woman. The man tapping the woman in the background may perhaps be suggesting that the woman should not be smoking from somebody elses pipe in the first place while the child petting the dog provides a great contrast with the immoral behavior going on in the foreground.Personally the grisaille technique is not one of my favorite painting styles because of its subdued and monochromatic colors however, having this particular painting of Adriaen van de Venne hung as part of my order of battle will surely be a delight because it will continuously serve as a reminder and a warning of the immorality that exists in society.The artists real intentions behind the painting may no longer be discovered but how one looks at it and interprets it may hold different significant meanings for different people.

Gangnam Style Speech

If the phrase Oppa Gangnam mode doesnt mean anything to you yet, you may take to Google it or ask your friends about it, or youll be left inquire why everyone is hopping up and down on invisible horses. The combination of crafty riffs and the corny-yet-hip move moves made the music icon by Korean artificer Psy (short for Psycho) the most similard YouTube video of all time. Who is this Psy? Where exactly is Gangnam and what is its mien? Well, I have all the answers for you.Today, Id like to parcel out you about Gangnam Style including a man behind Gangnam Style, the meaning of Gangnam Style, and its achievements. First, a man behind gangnam style. Park Jae Sang, fill outn as PSY, is a Korean hip hop artist under YG Entertainment. He debuted in January 2001 with his rough album titled PSY From the Psycho World , for which he later had to compensate fine due to accusations asserting that the album contains inappropriate contents. Since accordingly PSY has become a controv ersial artist as his second album was even banned in 2002.However, he gained much fans with his style of music. He is especially popular for his sense of humor. In summer 2012, PSY launched himself into an internationalistic stardom by Gangnam Style, the song that he wrote, composed and produced by himself. The term Gangnam Style was listed in Times weekly vocabulary list as a manner associated with liberal lifestyles in Seouls Gangnam district. Gangnam is the area where rich and fashionable young people sop up together. This song describes a guy who wants to be cool and stylish like a typical Gangnam person, but eventually fails.Psy said in an interview that he intended a twisted sense of humor by claiming himself to be Gangnam Style when everything about the song, dance, looks, and the music video is far from macrocosm such a high class. People who are actually from Gangnam never proclaim that they areits only the wannabes that put on these airs and say that they are Gangnam Styleso this song is actually poking sportsman at those kinds of people who are trying so hard to be something that theyre not. Psy. Now we k promptly about Psy and Gangnam Style more, right?Third, lets talk about the achievements of the song and its accompanying music video Gangnam Style was recognized by Guinness World Records as the most liked video in YouTube history and won Best Video at the MTV europium Music Awards. The song reached the number one position in more than 30 countries including Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom. As if thats not enough, Psy himself visited the U. N. and taught Gangnam Style dance moves to Secretary General Ban Ki-moon. Together, they rode invisible horses.According to the United Nations, PSY has become an international sensation through his song Gangnam Style Psy is far from the word beautiful but he chose not to have a plastic surgery. He had kind of a tough run to this point. As we all know that Korean music is exceptionall y focused on looks, and Psy is not a good looking guy, so he had to work his way to the top. It took him 6 albums to become a superstar. I admire Psy a lot because he is true to himself. He reminded me of Sebastians line in The Little Mermaid that You got your own style, now let it come through. And remember no matter what, you got to be you.

Othello study question

There are three mall reasons for wherefore past abominates Othello. The first being that past deeply believes that at that place utilise to be an affair between his wife Email and Othello. While in that location is no actual evidence to support the affair, the accompaniment that Ago believes it happened supports the accompaniment that he is rattling paranoid and might be searching for reasons to hate Othello. The second is that Othello denied Ago a promotion he believes he very much deserved.The fact that Othello gives the promotion to Cassia is what leads Ago to take surface revenge on both. The third (and most obvious reason to me) Is the elemental fact that Othello Is a Moor (black) and Ago Is angry act the fact Othello has authority over him and is praised by the other characters. On line 1. 3. 322, Ago meant that we get to choose who we want to be and that whatever we nurture becomes our nature. Ago chose to warn Othello because he is two-faced and wants to re prim ary(prenominal) on Othello side comely long enough to take him down. . Line 1. 2. 60, spoken by Othello, subject matter that neither Barbarian or Ordering had ever drawn there swords before. Othello is mocking them because they are both inexperienced and are pulling let out shiny new swords against a great warrior. Act 2 1 . Ago (who we all know to be a sexist by now) Is very cynical towards females and views them all as meaningless. We can tell from counsel he treats his wife that he Is unappreciative of women. He Is also very critical and engrave towards all women, believing them to be nothing moreover deceptive.On line Ago describes women as being pictures out of doors, bells in your parlors, wildcats in your kitchens, saints in your injuries, devils being offended, Players in your housewife, and housewives in your beds (all deceptive and unfaithful creatures). . Shakespeare reveals Sagos genuine character through soliloquies because they give Ago a chance to truly be hone st outside of his deceptive character in the main story.This is where the dramatic irony of the drama comes from. Sagos soliloquies also further the motif of the subscriber line between light and darkness (Ago revealing in his soliloquies the darkness of his tenderheartedness matches the darkness of Othello skin, making them opposites Inside and out and how most of lagans evil plans are set Into motion at night, the physical representation of Sagos Inner personality). solely of this

Coffee and Tea Essay

Coffee and teatime have existed in the world for a long time. Hundreds of years ago, pot who lived in southeast America started to produce deep brown, tho the earliest drink likes coffee was do by old-fashioned Arabian. They thought it was a physical body of medicine apply for stomach. After the 15th century, coffee was revolve to other countries such as Egypt and Ottoman Empire by Muslims who were back from Hajj, while in ancient China, Chinese people started to brace tea about 3000 years ago. Beca habit of twee environment and weather, the first part of tea plants was discovered in souwest China.After, drink tea became an important culture of Chinese people, and tea began to spread into countries near China. Coffee and tea argon similar, but different in some specific area. First, coffee and tea are similar but different in population. People from all around the world like them. For example, British people use to drink a cup of tea with some snacks when they have a re st in the afternoon. Western people enjoy drinking black tea, and some of them mix it with milk to list milky tea. Likewise, about people like drinking coffee, for it often essays good.In China, more and more people began to drink coffee, and some of whom want to taste better coffee like blue mountain coffee. However, although these two drinks are both popular around the world, coffee is still drunk most by western people, while the most quantity of tea is used in East Asia. People lived in China, Japan, and Korea regarded tea as the principal(prenominal) drink. Second, coffee and tea are similar but different in function. Both coffee and tea buns refresh people because in that respect is a kind of chemical substance matter, which is caffeine in both of them.This chemical matter can be used for nerves to make a person feel awake and lively. Also, some experts said that black coffee and green tea can help a person miss weight. But, in contrast, tea has some more functions due to another kind of chemical matter which cant be found in coffee. This chemical matter that named tea polyphenol whose ability is to relieve the effect that is do by poison. Finally, coffee and tea have similarity and difference in origination. Both of them are made from plants.Thousands of years ago, people lived in Africa place coffee trees in succeed, and now, Brazil has the most coffee trees in the world. In south of China, there are a lot of terraced fields that start tea trees. On the other hand, people use leaves from tea to make tea, while they use fruits from coffee plants to make coffee. To sum up, coffee and tea are similar in their population, function, and origination, while they are different of their use in different place, their different chemical matter, and their different material. I allude that people should drink both coffee and tea so that they can be healthier.

Mini Motor Homes Manufactured Essay

This case is about Mini Motor Homes Manufactured by Jim Ballenger in Kalamazoo, Michigan. According to the case, Jim Ballenger has a problem to make a stopping point to change his current line system to JIT system. From the current blood line system, Jim has spent a lot of cost on his inventory system. This is because mostly of the share used in manufactured are bought from other vendor and his teleph peerlessr actually only manufactured very few of it helping. Because of this, the transportation and inventory cost contribute to a relatively large portion of its chemical element commence of expenses.Jim Ballenger was very awake(predicate) on the cost that may approach once the JIT system adopted. The cost that he may be aware to arise is the cost of management standpoint, the shipment of the fraction and the rate of the component purchased. Besides that, he also has inquiry about the component purchased depart be arrived on time or not or the age taken of delivering the component. This is because, if the component are not suitable to use, his team has to fill in it and it will entail expensive rush order for the replacement component or the downtime for the entire plant. Jim Ballenger also concern about his relationship with his suppliers.He thought that his supplier may difficult become one part of his team. Since the supplier will expect to have special effort on their quality control or delivery flexibility on behalf of one of its almost miniscule discount. Jim Ballenger has been rent a public warehouse just his plant to keep his inventory that cost $500,000 to $1,000,000, which he paid more than than 1. 5% per calendar month from the borrowed funds to buy it. Since he starts to producing the different model, and victimization so many different appliances, the cost of the rubber stock increase day by day. The JIT presume table has drawn with two considerations.Since the study component, chassis can be purchased at one time foot from the lo cal supplier and out of stock situation is hardly happen, thence this component has excluded from using JIT system. The two considerations will be (1) Ballengers inventory carrying costs of are assumed to be 20% per year on the average investment in inventory on hand comprising encyclopedism and transportation costs, (2) those components that can obtain from closer sources, one week of the safety stock is sustain, if the component is further form the stock, two weeks to one month of safety stock should be available.

Explore the ways in which writers present strong feelings to interest the reader or audience

Various techniques be used by writers to present pie-eyed pinchs which lecture emotion from the indorser or consultation. Literary techniques are used in great lengths to both accent strong feelings in a literary piece and to overly evoke strong feelings from an audience. The techniques embody language, social structure and form. The experimentation of structure and poetic techniques used by writers create strong feelings within both the modern and present audience, ensuring audiences were and always will be interested in the literary piece.In the prologue of the play Romeo and Juliet the audience learn that two dignified households in the metropolis of Verona hold an ancient grudge towards each another(prenominal), which remains a solution of the violent conflict which is central to the play. It can be suggested that hatred has braggart(a) stronger over a long period of time. Similarly, the structure of the numbers undermined tralatitious Elizabethan praises which we re tradition e truly(prenominal)y manage verse forms. Shakespeares, however, variety showd this form to show hatred, violence, conflict and goal to foreshadow the ending of Romeo and Juliet.An Elizabethan audience would have recognised this, creating a feeling of excitement and curiosity within them. Likewise in sonnet 43 brown has also undermined the traditional form of a sonnet to create religious imagery to describe her warmthr. Brownings sonnet discusses and compares her strong feelings for her chouser and as her description develops she illustrates that she loves him with the emotions of an entire career from childishness right through to expiration. I love thee with the breath, smiles, tears, of all my life And, if graven image choose, I shall love thee better after death. She worships her lover with all her heart and respects him much more than she does her religion. He touches all aspects of her life and gives meaning to her whole existence. The audience would be shocked as during the twee era religion was paramount in the lives of the people. However, it is not just love for one person that is described but the feeling of love itself. Similarly, as Romeo and Juliet become innocent victims of an atrocious strife mingled with their families when they take their lives.Considerably, the poet evokes strong feelings towards the emotion of love when Browning is describing the intensity of religion and the link between death and love, as Shakespeare does when he links the idea of love and death in the prologue, allowing both the audience and the reader to openly question the subject matter without profanity. In the play Romeo and Juliet segregated from society is a dominant feeling and a reoccurring theme. Romeo and Juliet go to extreme lengths to preserve their love together.They did this as fit in to Elizabethan society it was nor their Fate nor Destiny to ever be together. and so by choosing to be together consequences to them both mocking society. Juliet was Romeos second love which is ironic and so mocks society because Elizabethans believed in hazard and destiny and that you could save ever love one person. If you loved again you werent rattling in love or you previous relationship wasnt love but lust. Romeos feelings power his actions contradicting the Elizabethan norm which would undoubtedly evoke strong feelings such as disgust and shock from the audience.Alternatively in the poem My last duchess the writer evokes strong feelings from the reader by focusing on the dominance and control of the Duke towards his wife. The audience in this case is this the ambassador acting on behalf of Ferdinand referred to in the poem as The Count, your master but in reality it is the reader. This makes the reader feel rebellious as they are eavesdropping on an interesting conversation. This completely contrasts to Romeos relationship with Juliet. They respect and get hold of each other as equals whereas the Duke doesnt resp ect his wife or even grant her.The duke refers to his wife, not by her name, by she. A contemporary reader would accept this as men were the dominant spouse. Half flushed that dies along the pharynx. This is ironic as it is said that the duke killed or had his wife killed, we could interpret that he beheaded or had her beheaded. This would surprise the reader as the duke earlier in the poem he compliments his wife, calling her a wonder. Although his manner of speaking and actions are brutal the duke would have been legitimate by society as men were believed to be higher than women.Romeo and Juliets love was not accepted by an Elizabethan society but they choose to ignore their friends and family, therefore appalling their audiences and mocking their entire beliefs. In the play Romeo and Juliet astonishment, doubt and dubiousness are common emotions. During the balcony scene Juliet is speaking her mind unaware that Romeo had been listening. Be sworn my love, and I shall no long er be a Capulet. She would reject her family to be with Romeo, someone whom she had just met. This would have stunned an Elizabethan audience as she came from a rich, well respected family.There is more confusion when Juliets feelings change, it is too rash, too unadvised, too sudden. Shakespeare uses the rule of three to emphasise on the word too. He does this to show how strong Juliets doubt towards Romeo is. An Elizabethan audience would be bewildered as to how she could change her mind as they believed in love at first masses and this was going against that belief. Shakespeare mocks his entire society though his characters by showing them that fate and destiny is not written in the stars but is decided by you.Equally, in the poem The Laboratory there is a lot of confusion between the character and the reader. The woman in the poem is searching for the spotless poison to commit a murder. She cannot seem to decide what poison she would similar and is distracted by the exquis ite blue colours of the poisons. Yonder meek phial sure to taste sweetly, is that poison too? . Her actions are very child-like and due to her frequent change of mind the reader will embark on to doubt her motive and seriousness.The reader feels confused at her motives and could assume the poem is comic and not serious. By using a question mark, the poet emphasises the protagonists confused mind. This confusion is further highlighted by the -which separates the question from the rest of the stanza and draws it to the attention of the reader. Clearly, Shakespeare and Mr and Mrs Browning all convey strong emotion to the audience and readers whether it is through language, structure or form. This is one of the main reasons why their literature has lasted and is greatly treasured.

Chemistry Lab Experiment: The Flame Test Essay

Flame trialAIM To settle which part of the table salt is responsible for(p) for the characteristics in the flare up.HYPOTHESIS If we introduce a alloy salt in the blue flame of the bunsen burner burner, and so the colour given off by the flame is due to the admixture part of the salt.METHOD(1)With a heat proof mat downstairs the bunsen burner, turn the gas on and light up the Bunsen burner with matches. (2)Pour enough Hydrochloric acid into a beaker. (3)Using your wire, dip it into the beaker containing Hydrochloric acid (4)Place it into the flame for a few seconds this is the cleaning method to avoid befoulment of other solutions. If the Bunsen burner flame does not change colour, then your wire is clean and you bottomland proceed to dip it into a coat salt.(5)Dip your wire into a metal salt either the nitrate or chloride and place the wire onto the whirl around of the blue flame. (6)Observe the change in colour of the Bunsen burners flame and get down the observatio ns as you go. (7)As long as you clean the wire as order in step 3-4 you can proceed into testing the other metal salts.QUESTIONSQ1 Were at that place any main leaving between the chloride salts and the nitrate salts? If there was please comment on what it was Yes, I had observed some difference between the colour produced from the chloride and nitrate salts present in one flame test. The strontium flame admitted twain a similar orange colour, simply the strontium nitrate has a much more than vibrant patrician orange than the strontium chloride.Q2 offer reasons why the experiment tested both nitrate and chloride salts? The experiment tested both nitrate and chloride salts to allow us to compare which part of salt is responsible for the colour change of the flame.Q3 Suggest why flames on gas stove burn orange-yellow when a clarified amount of water supply boils over onto them? This is due to the chemicals present in the water such as sodium chloride, calcium ion. The orange- yellow flame admitted could also be due to the ingredients added to the water such as salt.DiscussionWhen the metal salt is introduced to the flame, the electrons absorb heat energy and can jump into a high energy level. Because the electrons are now at a higher and more energetically unstable level, they fall back down to their original shell, by doing so visible light is emitted due to the energy release.Name a possible source of experiment error and suggest at least(prenominal) one way to concentrate the effect A possible experimental error that could have effect the result is contamination of metal salts. As directed in the steps you must clean the wire apply hydrochloric acid. By doing this you are removing any traces of the previous metal salts that could alter the honest colour of the flame produce by a different metal salt. By reusing the same wire at each metal salt, you could reduce the effect. Each wire will be completely free of contamination of other metal salts a s it will be exposed to only(prenominal) one metal salt.CONCLUSIONData collected from the flame test identified that both chloride and nitrogen tested were identical, meaning metal is responsible for the colour produced in the flame. This is evidence that strongly supports my hypothesis therefore I accept my hypothesis on that basis.

Regina Case

Regina Company Inc. was cognise as a complacent slow-growth guild and was dominated by hoover and Eureka within the floorcare industry. Donald Sheelen was a promising young individual when he was hired first as the head of the marketing division in Regina, and then became its president. Shortly afterwards becoming company president, Sheelen set kayoed to make Regina the industrys number one company and repeatedly vowed to bomb Hoover, the number one firm in the industry at the time.Sheelen expanded Reginas product line and started an aggressive advertisement trend to promote Reginas products over Hoovers. His strategy remunerative off, as Reginas profits grew substantially, and after Regina went public, its stock price soared by virtually 500 percent, making Sheelen and the companys other principal stockholders millionaires galore(postnominal) times over. However, it turned out that the impressive financial figures released by Regina after it went public were fabricated by S heelen. Instead of a growth company with bright prospects, Regina was a dying company mired in acclivity losses. The major reason behind Reginas financial difficulties was the poor part of its new products, which resulted in a reported 50 percent client return rates. After realizing that Regina was in a deep trouble, Sheelen, with the help of Regina chief financial officer Vincent Golden, came up with several illicit accounting schemes to keep the companys stock prices at a high level.In addition to importantly understating customer product returns and companys cost of goods, they recorded counterfeit sales to inflate sales revenues, and implemented a so-called ship-in-place betrothal scheme. After realizing that he could no longer conceal the companys deteriorating condition, Sheelen decided to let the public know of the companys grand financial condition. Although Sheelen and Golden initially blamed the computer system for errors, they ulterior pleaded guilty to federal mail and security prank charges in 1989. Sheelen served 1 year in prison in a halfway house, and paid a mere $25,000 in fines.One of the charges was that Sheelen and Golden had repeatedly and deliberately misled the companys audit firm, Peat Marwick. In a sharp phone line to the Mattel case, SEC did not fault Peat Marwick for failing to uncover the massive fraud by Sheelen and Golden, although several articles in financial press did criticize the audit firm. It is interesting that while SEC heavily criticized Arthur Andersen for failing to uncover Mattels fraudulent activities, there was not apparently a similar examination of Peat Marwick for failing to uncover the fraud in Regina.Based on this article, it seems that Peat Marwick plainly trusted Goldens assurance that no fraudulent legal proceeding had been recorded in Reginas accounting records, and that Peat Marwick was therefore not to be blamed for failing to uncover the fraud in Reginas financials. habituated that the frau d schemes in both Mattel and Regina were of very similar nature, one wonders wherefore Peat Marwick was not scrutinized to the same degree as Arthur Andersen. There is definitely more(prenominal) to this story than what is told in this article.

Gloria Jeans Resarch Proposal Essay

Gloria Jeans started as a small cocoa and gift shop in Chicago, USA in 1979. However, it wasnt until 1995 that the company would become an Australian favourite, when the company was bought out by two Australian business men travelling in the USA. Today, Gloria Jeans operates everyplace 1,000 drinking chocolate houses in 39 countries, but it is in Australia they are outflank known and loved, with over 460 coffee houses in Australia.Gloria Jeans has evolved from a simple coffee house into a specialty store, offering many different types of coffee, cakes and cool drinks. The market is highly competitive, and Gloria Jeans targets a younger demographic (peoples aged 18-25).Although successful, Gloria Jeans has been potty hard by giant competitors such as Starbucks and Au Bon torment entering the Australian market, where Gloria Jeans has historically remained on top. Due to this, the company has unflinching to perform explore to determine the preferences of their consumers, and to allow them to ensure their product immingle is appropriate for their current customer base.Research TopicFrom the background information, the interest research problem has been identifiedTo tell the types of customers that frequent Gloria Jeans coffee houses, to identify the types of products they purchase or are interested in purchasing, to determine the perceive quality of the products offered and to identify the patronage patterns of customers.The primary aim will be to determine the buying behaviour of Gloria Jeans customers, their perception of the products offered, if they prefer to drink coffee in house or take-away, and if the products offered are appropriate for the customers. As nearly as this, the company also wishes to determine the demographic features of its customers.Research ObjectivesThe general objective of the research is to identify the consumption behaviour of Gloria Jeans customers. This has been broken into the pursuit three research objectives1) To de termine the number of people who drink coffee, the frequence of their intake and whether do they prefer in-house or take-away coffee.2) To identify whether the products procurable at Gloria Jeans are appropriate for the target market.3) To examine customer placement towards Gloria Jeans and its competitors in regards to product range, quality and comparability with competitors.These objectives aim to focus the research on the key areas identified and allow the development of a strategic research plan.